THE  1900  PHARHACOPCEIA  IN  ITS  RELATIONS  TO  THE  SPECIAL 
DEPARTMENTS  OF  MEDICINE.1 


BY  C.  S.  N.  HAUJBERG.  Ph.G., 

Fellow  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine;  Professor  of  Pharmacy,  Chicago  College  of 
Pharmacy  of  University  of  Illinois. 

In  introducing  this  subject  it  may  be  well  to  give  a comprehen- 
sive definition  of  the  Pharmacopoeia;  what  it  is,  its  purpose,  and  its 
functions.  Medical  dictionaries  and  other  standard  works  give 
definitions  which  for  practical  purposes  are  wholly  unsatisfactory. 
As  a rule  these  works  define  a pharmacopoeia  as  “an  authorized 
work  containing  a collection  of  formulae,”  etc.  While  both  the 
Egyptian  and  the  Assyrian  monuments  and  books2  contain  evidences 
that  supervision  was  exercised  over  drugs,  the  earliest  work  coming 
under  the  category  of  a pharmacopoeia  was  the  ‘ ‘ Prayogamrita  ’ ’ of 
Vardy-achin-tamani,  a Sanscrit  physician.  The  Romans  attempted 
42  a.d.  to  .establish  a standard,  as  witness  the  “ Compositionis 
Medica  ’ ’ of  Scribonius  Longus.  The  Arabs  issued  the  ‘ ‘ Ibdal  ’ ’ in 
800  a.d.  This  gave  directions  as  to  the  standard  of  drugs  and  their 
preparations.  Under  the  influence  of  the  Arabic  and  Greek  school 
of  medicine,  the  famous  University  of  Salerno  sprang  into  existence. 
In  the  laws  regulating  medical  practise  for  Naples  and  Sicily  Fred- 
erick II  directed  the  apothecaries  to  guide  themselves  by  the  “Anti- 
dotarium”  of  Nicolaus,  the  Dean  of  the  Medical  Department  of  the 
University  of  Salerno.  This  contains,  about  150  preparations  with 
description  of  their  medicinal  properties  and  directions  for  adminis- 
tration. The  “Antidotarium”  of  Myrepsius  was  the  authority  in  the 
thirteenth  century.  The  “Antidotarium  Magnum  seu  Dispensa- 
torium  ad  Aromatorios  ” was  published  at  Florence  in  1498.  These 
two  Italian  works  practically  long  dominated  European  medicine. 
In  1543  Eyons,  France,  adopted  legally  and  published  the  “Phar- 
macopoeia Eugdensis. ’ ’ In  Southern  Germany,  early  in  that  century, 
the  necessity  for  regulation  of  medical  practise  and  of  adulterations 
in  drugs  was  recognized  by  the  free  cities.  Nuremberg  laid  down 
the  following  regulations  for  the  preparation  of  medicine: 

All  the  Laxativa,  such  as  Electuaria  and  Pillulse,  must  be  prepared  and  dis- 
pensed by  the  druggists  in  accordance  with  the  directions  in  the  book  known  as 
the  “ Luminare  Majus.”  To  avoid  any  error  or  oversight  in  the  preparation  of 
these  Laxativa,  and  to  insure  even  preparations  by  all  druggists,  these  Laxativa 
have  been  carefully  copied  from  the  “Luminare  Majus,”  by  the  Doctors  of 
medicine.  Each  druggist  will  be  furnished  with  a copy,  by  which  he  must 
be  guided,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  other  formulas. 

1 Read  before  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine,  February  n,  1898. 

2 Rice:  Reference  Handbook  of  Medical  Sciences. 


2 


THE  1900  PHARMA  COPCEIA 


The  “Luminare  Majlis”  was  a collection  of  formulas  by  the 
Alexandrian  physician  de  Bosco,  from  Greek,  Roman  and  Arabian 
medical  works.  De  Bosco  added  to  each  formula  a lengthy  explana- 
tion. Aside  from  these  works,  the  first  work  corresponding  to  a 
pharmacopoeia,  that  produced  by  Valerius  Cordus,  was  published 
at  Nuremberg  in  1546.  It  soon  passed  through  numerous  edi- 
tions and  reprints.  The  author  died  in  Italy  before  the  book  was 
printed,  and  it  was  published  after  his  death  by  the  High  Senate  of 
Nuremberg.  The  first  known  edition  other  than  the  Nuremberg 
was  the  Parisian  in  1548.  In  Lyons  it  went  through  three  editions 
in  1552,  1559,  and  1599.  Venice  issued  one  edition  in  1556  and  one 
in  1563.  The  Antwerp  edition  appeared  in  1560. 

The  book,  like  all  medical  works  of  the  period,  was  printed  in 
Latin.  The  names  of  the  compounds  were  derived  in  part  from  the 
ingredients,  in  part  from  their  properties,  or  finally  from  the  name 
of  the  author.  According  to  the  first  mentioned  method  of  nomen- 
clature, a plaster  which  contained  the  juices  of  fenugreek,  linseed 
and  marshmallow  was  called  Emplastrum  diachylon  ( ‘ ‘ plaster  with 
juice”).  A plaster  containing  vinegar  and  saffron  was  called 
Emplastrum  oxycroceum  (“sour  saffron  plaster”).  In  the  course 
of  time  these  plasters  underwent  changes  and  improvement,  and  the 
substance  to  which  the  remedy  owed  its  name  was  frequently  omit- 
ted. The  modern  Emplastr.  diachylon  contains  no  juice,  and  the 
Emplastr.  oxycroceum  of  to-day  never  contains  vinegar  and  but 
rarely  saffron.  The  names  of  many  preparations,  by  this  modifi- 
cation in  their  preparation,  became  problems  for  the  philologist. 
The  etymological  obscurity  of  opodeldoc,  which  has  become  pro- 
verbial, illustrates  this.  Its  origin  may  be  easily  traced  to  the 
old  opodeldoc  plaster  of  the  last  Nuremberg  edition  of  the  ‘ ‘ Dis- 
pensatorii  Valerii  Cordi.”  This  does  not  contain  any  ingredients 
found  in  modern  opodeldoc,  but  its  then  chief  component  parts  were 
opoponax,  bdellium,  and  aristolochus  root.  The  first  syllable  of  the 
first  word  (opo),  the  second  syllable  of  the  second  word  (del), 
and  the  last  syllable  of  the  third  word  (loch),  gives  “opodelloch” 
as  Paracelsus  wrote  it,  which  became  “opodeltoch”  and  finally 
‘ ‘ opodeldoc.  ’ ’ Simples  are  mentioned  by  Cordus  only  when  special 
manipulation  is  required  to  render  them  serviceable  as  remedies. 

The  most  important  part  of  this  book  is  a collection  of  receipts 
by  Greek,  Roman  and  Arabian  physicians,  by  Dioscorides  of  Sicily, 
Galenus  of  Pergamus,  Andromachus  (the  body  physician  of  Nero), 
Rhazes  of  Bagdad  (“the  Arabian  Galen”),  Avicenna  (Scheich  el 
Reis  or  prince  of  physicians),  Mesue  the  younger,  and  Nicolaus 


THE  1900  PHARMA  COPGEIA 


3 


Prsepositus  of  Salerno.  The  formulary  contained  chiefly  substances 
derived  from  the  vegetable  and  animal  kingdoms.  The  compounds 
were  of  a class  known  as  galenical  preparations,  from  the  Roman 
physician  Claudius  Galenus,  who  greatly  believed  in  complex 
compounds. 

As  the  dispensatory  of  Cordus  was  based  entirely  upon  the 
Galenico- Arabian  school,  the  five  essences,  tinctures,  extracts,  and 
chemicals  were  wanting.  Distillation  was  only  tersely  referred  to 
in  connection  with  some  ethereal  oil.  The  custom  of  substitution 
advocated  by  Galen  became  so  general  during  the  Middle  Ages  that 
substitutes  were  designated.  In  the  Paris  edition  the  following 
substitutes  were  given:  For  winter  cherry  take  common  nightshade, 
for  colocynth  take  castor  bean,  for  laurel  oil  take  tar,  for  ginger  take 
pellitory  root.  As  the  substitutes  did  not  always  possess  the  same 
properties,  the  custom  had  bad  results. 

The  larger  German  cities  introduced  pharmacopoeias  of  their 
own  in  the  sixteenth  century.  Augsburg  had  one  in  1564 ; 
Cologne  issued  one  in  1565;  Basel  issued  one  in  1561;  Mantua, 
Italy,  issued  one  in  1559;  and  Bergamo  one  in  1580.  Salamanca 
issued  one  in  1588,  which  was  subsequently  reissued  in  1601. 

The  first  English  pharmacopoeia,  the  Pharmacopoeia  Londinen- 
sis,  was  published  in  1618.  This  appeared  in  subsequent  editions 
during  the  revival  of  science  under  the  British  Commonwealth  in 
1658,  1677,  1721,  and  1746.  The  early  British  pharmacopoeias  were 
sensible  modifications  of  the  works  of  Mesue,  Nicolaus  Cordus,  and 
other  authors  of  that  class.  The  Lyons  pharmacopoeia  long  remained 
supreme  in  France.  The  first  Paris  pharmacopoeia  appeared  in  1637. 
Burdigal  published  a pharmacopoeia  in  1643,  Toulon  in  1648,  and 
Valenciennes  in  1651. 

In  the  Netherlands,  Amsterdam  issued  a pharmacopoeia  in  1636, 
Leyden  in  1638,  Brussels  in  1639,  Lille  in  1640,  Gand  and  The 
Hague  in  1652,  Utrecht  and  Louvaine  in  1656,  and  Antwerp  in 
1681. 

The  first  Danish  pharmacopoeia  was  published  in  1658;  the 
first  Swedish  pharmacopoeia  appeared  in  1686;  the  first  Swiss 
was  published  in  1677.  The  first  Prussian  appeared  in  1698.  The 
Austrian  pharmacopoeia  appeared  in  1739  and  was  revised  by 
Storck  in  1774.  The  first  Bohemian  pharmacopoeia  was  published 
at  Prague  in  1739.  Persia  issued  the  “ Makzan  el  Adwyn,”  its 
first  pharmacopoeia,  in  1771.  The  first  American  pharmacopoeia 
appeared  at  Philadelphia  in  1778  in  consequence  of  the  attempts 
of  Dr.  Tilton  of  Delaware  to  reform  the  commissary  department  of 


4 


THE  1900  PHARMACOPCEIA 


Washington’s  army.  The  first  Irish  pharmacopoeia  appeared  in 
1794.  Through  the  influence  of  Dr.  Josiah  Bartlett,  one  of  the 
medical  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  the  Massachu- 
setts Medical  Society  took  the  initiative  in  inaugurating  a pharma- 
copoeia for  the  United  States  by  issuing  its  own  pharmacopoeia  in 
1808.  This  Massachusetts  pharmacopoeia  in  its  materia  medica 
included  a large  number  of  therapeutic  agents  now  used  by  all 
schools,  but  for  a long  time  credited  to  the  homeopathists  and 
eclectics.  In  1815  a New  York  Pharmacopoeia  was  issued  under 
the  editorial  supervision  of  Drs.  Samuel  L.  Mitchill  and  Valentine 
Seaman.  In  consequence  of  the  success  of  this  pharmacopoeia 
Dr.  Tyman  Spalding,  of  New  York  City,  submitted  to  the  Medical 
Society  of  the  County  of  New  York  a project  for  the  formation  of 
a National  Pharmacopoeia.  This  project  finally  eventuated  in  the 
present  system  of  revision  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia. 

The  first  half  of  the  present  century  saw  these  local  pharmaco- 
poeias superseded  by  works  of  national  authority,  until  now,  at  the 
close  of  the  nineteenth  century,  no  country  can  maintain  scientific 
position  as  a nation  without  a pharmacopoeia.  The  latest,  but  by  no 
means  the  least  creditable,  is  that  of  Japan.  The  most  important 
republics  of  Central  and  South  America  have  their  own  pharmaco- 
poeias. In  some,  foreign  pharmacopoeias  are  employed,  chiefly  the 
French  Codex  and  German  Pharmacopoeia.  The  Republic  of  Costa 
Rica  adopted  officially  in  1897,  through  Ea  Faculdad  de  Medicina  y 
Cirugia  at  San  Jose,  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  as  the  stand- 
ard authority.  In  Canada  and  the  British  provinces  the  United 
States  Pharmacopoeia  is  more  used  than  the  British  Pharmacopoeia. 
The  project  of  an  Imperial  pharmacopoeia  for  the  British  Empire 
meets  with  but  little  favor  and  its  realization  is  doubtful.  Attempts 
have  been  made  toward  the  formulation  of  an  International  Pharma- 
copoeia and  also  a Pan-American  one.  The  former  question  will  be 
considered  by  the  International  Pharmaceutic  Congress,  which  is  to 
meet  in  Paris  in  1900.  The  first  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  was 
issued  in  1820,  and  each  subsequent  decade  has  seen  a revision.  The 
one  now  officially  designated  as  the  seventh  decennial  revision  was 
adopted  January  1,  1894. 

The  earlier  editions  and  revisions  were  the  work  chiefly  of  such 
medical  scientists  as  Samuel  E.  Mitchill  of  New  York,  Erastus 
Torrey  of  Vermont,  William  Tully  of  Connecticut,  Nathan  Smith  of 
Connecticut,  Valentine  Mott  of  New  York,  Samuel  P.  Griffith, 
Joseph  Parrish,  George  B.  Wood  and  Franklin  Bache,  of  Phila- 
delphia. The  committee  was  increased  to  twenty-five  members  in 
1880,  comprising  botanists,  chemists,  pharmacists  and  physicians  in 


THE  1900  PHARMA  COPCEIA 


5 


nearly  equal  numbers.  To  these  were  added  one  representative 
from  each  of  the  medical  departments  of  the  Federal  Government, 
the  Army,  Navy,  and  Marine  Hospitals  Service.  The  national 
committee  on  revision  is  elected  by  a convention  constituted  of  dele- 
gates from  incorporated  medical  and  pharmaceutic  societies  and 
colleges,  which  meets  in  the  city  of  Washington,  D.  C.,  decennially. 
This  convention  adopts  rules  and  principles  for  the  instruction  and 
guidance  of  the  Committee  on  Revision.  The  next  convention  will 
assemble  in  Washington  in  May,  1900. 

From  this  brief  r£sum£  of  the  history  of  pharmacopoeias  it  will  be 
observed  that  a pharmacopoeia  is  essential  to  every  civilized  country, 
and  that  the  work  of  revision  is  one  of  great  interest  and  impor- 
tance. 

Although  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  has  never  been  legal- 
ized through  national  enactments  of  the  various  States  pertaining  to 
the  practise  of  pharmacy  and  the  prevention  of  adulteration  in  drugs 
and  medicines,  it  is,  however,  de  facto  the  legal  standard  for  the 
entire  United  States  as  much  as  though  its  authority  had  been 
declared  by  congressional  fiat.  No  especial  attempt  has  so  far  been 
made  to  legalize  the  Pharmacopoeia  through  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  but  since  the  National  Government  is  represented  in 
its  creation  and  accepts  its  standard  quite  as  readily  as  do  the  States 
and  local  governments  there  may  be  no  need  for  the  Federal 
insignia,  at  least  not  until  a National  Department  of  Health 
be  created. 

The  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  may  be  defined  as  an  authori- 
tative compilation  or  work  ( 1 ) creating  standards  for  the  identifica- 
tion, purity,  strength,  and  quality,  and  (2)  giving  directions  for  the 
purification,  valuation,  preparation,  compounding  and  preservation 
of  drugs,  chemicals,  and  medicinal  substances. 

The  French  Pharmacopoeia  is  denominated  the  Codex  Medica- 
mentarius.  This  last  title  expresses  the  scope  and  functions  of  a 
pharmacopoeia  better  than  any  other.  It  should  be  a pharmacal 
code  for  physicians  and  pharmacists.  With  thoroughly  educated 
and  experienced  pharmacists,  the  physician  is  assured  not  only  of 
uniformity  in  product,  strength,  purity,  and  quality,  but  also  that 
such  medicines  shall  be  prepared  according  to  the  best  and  most 
advanced  methods  of  the  pharmacal  art. 

While  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  from  a scientific  stand- 
point is  undeniably  in  advance  of  all  other  pharmacopoeias,  yet  it 
lacks  certain  features  to  render  it  more  serviceable  and  consequently 
more  generally  acceptable  to  the  medical  practitioner.  The  first 
of  these  deficiencies  is  in  the  pharmaceutic  preparations,  particularly 


6 


THE  1900  PH  A RM A C OPCEIA 


in  such  classes  as  are  of  solid  form  and  also  such  as  are  intended  for 
external  use.  Another  deficiency  is  that  the  revised  edition  does 
not  with  sufficient  accuracy  contain  as  many  new  substances  as  have 
fairly  proved  their  efficacy,  promise  and  utility  as  therapeutic  agents 
as  it  should.  Thirdly,  it  lacks  certain  general  information  which 
should  be  incorporated  as  an  authoritative  guide  to  the  more  intelli- 
gent use  and  application  of  various  remedies.  In  this  last  category 
should  be  included  the  maximum  dose  of  all  toxic  and  potent  sub- 
stances and  their  preparations.  While  pharmacology  (or  the  science 
devoted  to  the  action  of  drugs)  and  therapeusis  (or  the  science 
devoted  to  the  indications  for  and  selection  of  remedies)  are  not 
within  the  scope  or  function  of  a pharmacopoeia,  still  the  certain  safe 
and  accurate  method  of  exhibition  and  administration  of  remedies 
cannot  be  realized  unless  their  respective  forms  be  based  upon  these 
fundamental  considerations.  It  is  not  otherwise  possible  to  realize 
the  motto  of  Asclepiades,  “ cito,  tuto , jucundeE 

Whatever  improvement  be  necessary  in  the  new  pharmacopoeia 
in  the  direction  of  its  greater  therapeutic  utility  must  come  from 
medical  men.  There  may  be  superfluity  of  remedial  substances  in  a 
pharmacopoeia,  while  no  authoritative  forms  for  their  administration 
are  given.  On  the  other  hand  the  preparations,  though  made  after 
elaborate  processes,  may  be  so  defective  as  to  impair  their  therapeu- 
tic usefulness.  This  is  particularly  true  of  solid  preparations,  espe- 
cially those  intended  for  external  use.  While  nearly  one-half  of  the 
1000  articles  of  the  United  States  Pharmacopoeia  are  such  prepara- 
tions, these  comprise  but  thirty  - three  classes,  and  of  these  only 
eleven  are  solids,  six  for  internal  and  five  for  external  use. 

The  French  Pharmacopoeia  has  sixty-four  classes,  in  which  there 
are  thirty-four  solids,  eighteen  for  internal  and  sixteen  for  external 
use.  The  British  Pharmacopoeia  has  thirty -five  classes,  including 
thirteen  solids,  four  for  internal  and  nine  for  external  use.  It  is 
particularly  strong  in  ointments,  having  forty- four,  and  is  the  only 
pharmacopoeia  in  which  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  discriminate  as 
to  the  selection  of  the  vehicle  employed  for  ointments  of  various 
use.  The  German  Pharmacopoeia  has  forty-five  classes  with  twenty- 
two  general  formulae  giving  directions  for  compounding  any  number 
of  as  many  different  classes  of  preparations.  There  are  twenty-three 
classes  of  solids,  about  equally  divided  into  preparations  for  external 
and  internal  use. 

While  a compilation  of  about  five  hundred  formulae  for  prepara- 
tions of  a polypharmacal  or  ephemeral  character  was  published  by 
the  American  Pharmaceutical  Association  in  1887,  and  revised  in 
1895  under  the  title  of  The  National  Formulary,  this  work  does  no 


THE  1900  PHARMA  COPCEIA 


7 


carry  authority  as  a standard  like  the  Pharmacopoeia.  The  National 
Formulary  has  been  exceedingly  useful  in  introducing  greater  uni- 
formity into  such  preparations  as  elixirs,  syrups,  pills,  etc.,  but  its 
utility  is  hampered  through  the  difficulty  of  acquainting  physi- 
cians with  a semi-official  work.  Familiarity  with  and  adherence 
to  accepted  standards  are  more  likely  to  be  secured  through  one 
comprehensive  work  of  official  character  than  through  several. 
The  following  tables  will  illustrate  (choosing  the  ointments  for 
this  purpose)  the  differences  between  the  pharmacopoeias  of  lead- 
ing nations  other  than  the  United  States: 

OINTMENTS  OF  THE  BRITISH  PHARMACOPOEIA . 

Lard,  prepared;  Lard,  benzoated,  2 per  cent,  benzoin;  Paraffin,  hard,  melts  at  43°-62°  C.; 

Paraffin,  soft,  melts  at  35°-40.5°  C. 


Unguentum. 


Parts  active 
agent. 


Vehicle. 


Percentage 
of  strength. 


Acid  borici 

Acidi  carbolici 

Acidi  salicylici 

Aconitinse 

Antimonii  tartrati... 

Atropinse 

Belladonnse  ext.  ale. 

Calaminse 

Cantharidis 

Cetacei 


Chrysarobini 

Creasoti 

Elemi 

Eucalypti oil 

Gallse 

Gallae  cum  opii 

Glycerini  Plb.  subacet 

Hydrargyri,  Hg 

Hydrargyri  ammoniatse 

Hydrargyri  compositum,  oint- 
ment mercury 

Hydrargyri  iodidi  rubri 

Hydrargyri  nitratis,  Hg 

Hydrargyri  nitratis  dilutum 

Hydrargyri  oxidi  rubri 

Hydrargyri  subchloridi 

Iodi 

Potass,  iod. 

Iodoformi 

Picis  liquidse 

Plumbi  acetatis 

Plumbi  carbonatis 

Plumbi  iodidi 

Potassse  sulphuratae 

Potassii  iodidi 

Resinae 

Sabin  se,  herb 

Simplex 

Staphisagrise 

Sulphuris,  subl 

Sulphuris  iodidi 

Terebinthinae oil 


1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

16 

1 

6 

1 

1 


1 

1 


1 


2.5 

2 

1 

1 

5 

16 

4 

4 


1 

1 

5 

8 


Veratrinae. 


1 


Zinci  oxidi 2 

Zinci  oleati 1 


Soft  paraffin  4,  hard  paraffin  2... 
Soft  paraffin  12,  hard  paraffin  6.. 
Soft  paraffin  18,  hard  paraffin  9.. 

Alcohol  3.5,  benz.  lard  55 

Simple  ointment  4 

Alcohol  3.5,  benz.  lard  55 

Benz,  lard  9 

Benz,  lard  5 

Yellow  wax  1,  olive  oil  6 

Benzoin  1,  white  wax  4,.  oil  al- 
monds 40 

Benz,  lard  24 

Simple  ointment  8 

Simple  ointment  4 

Soft  paraffin  2,  hard  paraffin  2... 

Benz,  lard  5 

Ointment  of  galls  13.6 

Soft  paraffin  4,  hard  paraffin  1% 

Suet  1,  prepared  lard  16 

Simple  ointment  9 

Yellow  wax  3,  olive  oil  3,  cam- 
phor 1 J4 

Simple  ointment  27.3 

HNOs  fl.  3,  prepared  lard  3%, 

olive  oil  8 fl 

Soft  paraffin  2 

Soft  paraffin  5.3,  hard  paraffin 

1-76 

Benz,  lard  5.47 

Glycerin  fl.  12,  prepared  lard  19. 

Benz,  lard  9 

Yellow  wax  1 

Benz,  lard  73 

Simple  ointment  7 

Simple  ointment  7 

Hard  paraffin  18,  soft  paraffin  55 
Potass,  carb.  1,  water  14  fl.,  benz. 

lard  no 

Yellow  wax  2,  simple  ointment 

8,  oil  almonds  fl.  1 

Yellow  wax  il/2 , benz.  lard  8 

White  wax  1,  benz.  lard  1%,  oil 

almonds  il/2 

Benz,  lard  2,  digest  and  strain... 

Benz,  lard  4 

Hard  paraffin  18,  soft  paraffin  55 
Resin  1,  yellow  wax  4,  prepared 

lard  4 

Ol.  olive  7,  hard  paraffin  14,  soft 

paraffin  41 

Benz,  lard  n 

Soft  paraffin  1 


14 
5 

3 5 
1.6 

20 
1 .6 

10 
18 

12  5 

18 

4 

11 
20 
20 
18 

7 

15 
45 
10 

40 

3-5 


10 

3 


12 


10 


65 


2.6 


12.5 

12.5 

7 


12 


25 

28 


33 

20 

6 

50 

i-5 

20 

50 


8 


THE  1900  PH  A RM A C OPCEIA 


POMADES  OF  THE  FRENCH  CODEX. 


Pomatum  (Pomade). 


Ammoniacale liquid 

Antipsoricum sulphur 

Potass,  carb. 

Nervinum camphor 

Tolu 

Belladonna  cum  extracto  ext 

Camphoratum 

Carbonate  plumbico 

Chloroformo  cum , 

Citrenum HNO318;  Hg. 

Cucumeris  de  succo  cucumeris- 

sative 

Epispasticum  cum  extracto 

Gnidii 

Cantharide  luteum  de 

Cantharide  viride 

Pice 

Iodureto  plumbico 

Iodureto  potassico 

Iodureto  potassico  iodureto 

Laurinum leaves 

berries 

Hydrargyro 

Hydrargyro  simplex 

Oxydo  and  hydrargyrico 

Populeum poplar  buds 

Regent  de mercuric  ox 

Dead  acet. 

Sulfuratum 

Stibiatum ant.  et  pot.  tart. 


Quantity 
of  active 
agent. 

Vehicle. 

Percentage 
of  strength. 

20 

Suet  10,  lard  10 

50 

{'5 

Oil  almonds  5,  lard  35,  water  5 

16 

Ox  marrow  350,  oil  almonds  100, 

■1  15 

oil  nutmeg  450,  oil  rosemary, 

t3° 

Girofle  water  2,  lard  24 

3-3 

4 

3° 

White  wax  10,  lard  90 

25 

10 

Benz,  lard  50 

18 

10 

White  wax  5,  laid  85 

10 

4 

Lard  40,  olive  oil  40 

7 

120 

Tolu  0.2,  rose  water  1,  calf  suet 

60,  lard  :oo 

4 

White  wax  io5  alcohol  9,  lard  90. 

4 

6 

Curcuma  4,  oil  citron  4.  yellow 

wax  12,  lard  84 

6 

10 

White  wax  40,  ointment  poplar 

280 

10 

Lard  90 

10 

10 

Lard,  benz.,  90 

10 

TO 

Lard,  benz.,  80,  water  10 

10 

10 

Iodin  2,  water  10,  lard,  benz.,  80.. 

10 

(TO 

l 10 

Lard  100 

SO 

Lard  50 

50 

10 

Lard,  benz.,  30,  of  Hg 

12.5 

I 

Vaselin  15 

6 3 

f Poppy,  belladonna,  hyoscya- 

ou 

\ mus,  dulcamara  50,  lard  400.. 

{; 

Camphor  0. 1,  vaselin  18 

10 

Oil  almond  10,  benz.  lard  80 

10 

10 

Benz,  lard  30 

25 

OINTMENTS  OF  THE  GERMAN  PHARMACOPOEIA. 


Unguentum. 


Quantity 
of  active 
agent. 


Vehicle. 


Percentage 
of  strength. 


Acid  borici 

Basilicum 

Cantharidum 

Cantharidum  veterinar 

Euphorbium 

Cereum wax 

Cerussse fc. 

Cerussse  camphorata ....’ 

Diachylon  

Glycerini starch 

Hydrargyri  album 

Hydrargyri  cinereum,  Hg 

Hydrargyri  rubrum 

Potassii  lodidi 

Leniens  (cold  cream) 

Paraffin 

Plumbi,  liq.  pb 

Plumbi  tannici ac.  tan. 

Liq.  pb.  subacet. 

Rosmarini oil 

Juniper oil 

Tartari  stibiate 

Terebinthinse oil 

Zinci,  oxide,  imp 


1 


1 


3 

3 

5 

1 

10 

1 

10 

1 

10 


1 

10 


2 

1 

I 


Petrolatum  9 

Turpt.  2;  wax,  resin,  suet,  each 

3;  olive  oil  9 

Oil  cantharid  3,  wax  2 

Turpt.  2,  wax  1,  olive  oil  4 

Olive  oil  7 

Petrolatum  7 

Ung.  cerussse  95 

Olive  oil  1 

Water  15,  trag.  2,  alcohol  5,  glyc- 
erin 100 

Petrolatum  9 

Lard  13,  suet  7 

Petrolatum  9 

Aq.  7.5,  sod.  thiosulf.  2.12,  lard  82. 
? White  wax  4,  spermacet.  5, 

( water  16,  oil  almonds  32 

Paraffin  oil  4 

Evaporate  to  50,  petrolatum  90  ... 

Lard  17 

Oil  nutmeg  exp.,  yellow  wax, 

each  2;  suet  8,  lard  16 

Petrolatum  8 

Wax  1,  turpentine  1 

Lard  9 


10 


20 


30 

30 

5 

50 


10 

33 

10 

10 


10 


10 


10 


THE  1900  PHARMA  COPCEIA 

OINTMENTS  OF  THE  JAPANESE  PHARMACOPOEIA . 


9 


Unguentum. 


Glycerini starch 

Hebrse  diachylon 

Hydrargyri  album 

Hydrargyri  cinereum 

Hydrargyri  flavum 

Hydrargyri  rubrum 

Scopolise ext. 

Simplex , 

Stibiatum tart.  ant.  et  pot. 

Sulfuratum,  sublimed 

Vesicans  fort canthar. 

Vesicans  mitius 

Zinci oxide 


Quantity 
of  active 
agent. 

Vehicle. 

x 

Water  1,  glycerin  9 

I 

Oil  lini  1 

I 

-20 

Va  selin  9 

Eard  18,  beef  suet  42 

I 

Va  selin  9 

x 

Va  selin  9 

I 

Eard  9 

Yellow  wax  1 oil  sesami  2 

2 

Va  selin  8 

I 

Eard  0. 

10 

Olive  oil  90,  wax  70,  terebinth  30.. 

I 

Eard  9 

Percentage 
of  strength. 


90 

50 

10 

33 

10 

10 

10 


33 

5 

2.5 

10 


From  these  observations  the  following  suggestions  are  offered 
for  the  work  of  the  revision  in  these  respective  special  departments 
of  medicine: 

Diseases  of  the  Eye.  — Identification  and  determination  of  com- 
parative value  of  the  mydriatic  alkaloids,  with  special  reference  to 
those  of  the  solanaceous  plants  and  their  derivatives.  Formulas  for 
collyria,  especially  solvents.  Investigation  of  the  employment  of 
the  lamellae  (gelatin  disks),  containing  alkaloids  for  solution  in  the 
eye,  instead  of  water  solutions.  Fist  of  ointments  used  and  char- 
acter of  vehicle  employed,^ with  reference  to  the  preference  of  the 
paraffins  to  the  more  absorbable  animal  and  vegetable  fats. 

Diseases  of  the  Ear , Nosey  and  Throat.  — Report  on  antiseptics, 
anesthetics,  anodynes,  absorbents,  astringents,  demulcents,  emolli- 
ents and  protectives  used  in  substance  or  in  the  following  forms, 
with  special  reference  to  solvent  or  vehicle  used:  Gargles,  insuffla- 
tions, injections,  lotions,  oleates,  pastilles,  tablets,  troches,  vapors, 
cereoli  (antrophore),  pastes,  electuary,  confections,  sprays,  oils, 
medicated  stylus,  suppositories,  cigarettes,  papers  (fumigating), 
inhalants,  ointments,  cerates,  plasters. 

Skin  and  Genito- Urinary  Diseases. — Report  on  antiseptics,  astrin- 
gents, absorbents,  anesthetics,  anodynes,  caustics,  hemostatics,  par- 
asiticides, protectives,  rubefacients,  styptics,  and  vesicants  used  in 
substance  or  in  the  following  forms,  with  special  reference  to  solvent 
or  vehicle.  Comparative  study  of  vehicles  as  to  ratio  of  absorption 
and  classification  of  ointments,  cerates,  suppositories,  plasters  and 
unctuous  preparations  for  external  use:  Baths,  cataplasms,  caustics, 
crayons,  sponges  (prepared),  fomentations,  oils  (medicated),  enemas, 
lotions,  powders,  soaps,  solutions,  injections,  suppositories,  cotton, 
gauze,  pomades,  ointments,  cereoli  (antrophore,  stylus),  cerates, 
plasters,  plaster  mulls. 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2017  with  funding  from 

University  of  Illinois  Urbana-Champaign  Alternates 


https://archive.org/details/1900pharmacopoei00hall 


MEDICINE 


¥ ¥ ¥ 


EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:  - HAROLD  N.  MOYER,  M.D., 

Adjunct  Professor  of  Medicine,  Rush  Medical  College;  Neurologist 
to  the  Cook  County  Hospital,  Chicago. 


¥ ¥ ¥ 


DEPARTMENT  EDITORS: 

Medicine:  Janies  B.  Her  rich,  A.B.,  M.D.,  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Medicine,  Rush  Medical  College;  Attending  Physician  to  Cook  County 
Hospital,  Chicago;  and  Bertram  TV.  Sippy,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Medicine  in  the  Chicago  Post-Graduate  School. 

Surgery:  Weller  Van  Hook,  A.B.,  M.H.,  Professor  of  Surgery  in  the 
Northwestern  University  Medical  School  and  in  the  Chicago  Policlinic; 
Surgeon  to  the  German  Hospital.  - 

Pathology  and  Bacteriology:  Arthur  B.  Edwards,  A.M.,  M.H., 
Professor  of  Therapeutics,  Northwestern  University  Medical  School; 
Professor  of  Practise  of  Medicine  and  Clinical  Medicine,  Northwestern 
University  Woman’s  Medical  School;  Attending  Physician  to  Cook 
Comity  and  St.  Luke’s  Hospitals;  Pathologist  to  Wesley  Hospital. 

Therapeutics:  N.  S.  Davis,  Jr.,  A.M.,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the 
Principles  and  Practise  of  Medicine  and  of  Clinical  Medicine,  North- 
western University  Medical  School,  Chicago. 

Gynecology  and  Obstetrics:  Henry  P.  Newman,  A.M.,  M.D., 
Professor  of  Clinical  Gynecology  in  the  College  of  Physicians  and 
Surgeons,  Chicago;  Professor  of  Gynecology  in  the  Post-Graduate 
Medical  School;  etc. 

Pediatrics:  Isaac  A.  Abt,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Diseases  of  Children, 
Northwestern  University  Woman’s  Medical  School;  Attending  Physician 
Diseases  of  Children,  Michael  Reese  and  Provident  Hospitals. 

Neurology  and  Psychiatry:  Hugh  T.  Patrick,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Neurology  in  the  Chicago  Policlinic;  Consulting  Neurologist  to  the 
Illinois  Eastern  Hospital  for  the  Insane. 

laryngology  and  Otology:  W.  E.  Casselberry,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Laryngology  and  Rhinology  in  Northwestern  University  Medical  School; 
Laryngologist  and  Rhinologist  to  St.  Luke’s  Hospital;  Laryngologist 
to  Wesley  Hospital;  etc. 

Dermatology  and  Syphilology:  TV.  L.  Baum,  M.  D.,  Professor  of 
Dermatology  and  Syphilology  in  the  Post-Graduate  Medical  School, 
Chicago;  Fellow  of  the  Chicago  Academy  of  Medicine. 

Ophthalmology:  C.  P.  Pinckard,  A.  B.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of 
Ophthalmology,  Chicago  Post-Graduate  Medical  School;  Attending 
Ophthalmologist,  Michael  Reese  Dispensary. 

Genito- Urinary  Diseases:  G.  Frank  Eydston,  M.D.,  Professor  of 
Surgical  Diseases  of  the  Genito-Urinary  Organs  and  Syphilology  in  the 
Chicago  College  of  Physicians  and  Surgeons. 

Climatology  and  Public  Health:  Norman  Bridge,  M.D.,  Los 
Angeles,  Cal.,  Professor  of  Clinical  Medicine  and  Physical  Diagnosis, 
Rush  Medical  College;  and  Joseph  M.  King,  M.D.,  Los  Angeles, 
Cal. 

Forensic  Medicine:  Harold  N.  Moyer,  M.D.,  Professor  of  Nervous 
and  Mental  Diseases,  Chicago  Clinical  School. 


We  ' are  endeavoring  to  place  before  physicians  a journal  that  shall 
contain  strictly  scientific  matter,  equally  interesting  to  members  of  the 
profession  in  all  parts  of  the  country.  All  matters  of  a personal  or  con- 
troversial kind  are  excluded;  also  society  news,  and  items  of  local  impor- 
tance only.  MEDICINE  shall  be  kept  abreast  of  the  times,  but  matters 
which,  as  yet,  do  not  admit  of  an  authoritative  opinion  will  not  be  ex- 
tensively considered. 


HAROLD  N.  MOYER,  M.D.,  Editor 


MEDICINE 

A Monthly  Journal  of  Medicine  and  Surgery. 

HAROLD  N.  MOYER,  M.  D„ 

EDITOR. 

~ FEBRUARY,  1898.  ^ 

GONTENTS. 


ORIQINAL  ARTICLES. 

A CASE  OF  EXTIRPATION  OF  THE  SOFT  PAlATE  AND  TONSIL  FOR  CARCINOMA.  Dv 

Edward  H.  Lee.  M D 80 

A CASE  OF  HYSTERICAL  DYSPHAGIA.  By  Llewellyn  Eliot.  A.M..  M D <3 

THE  PATHOLOGIC  IMPULSE  TO  DRINK  - ALCOHOL  AS  A SECONDARY  FACTOR  IN  DIPSO* 

MANIA.  By  William  Lee  Howard.  M.D  104 

SINUS  OR  FISTULA  FOLLOWING  ABDOMINAL  OPERATIONS.  By  J.  Garland  Sherrill,  M.D  ..  109 
SOME  PHYSIOLOGICAL  AND  ANATOMICAL  QUESTIONS  REGARDING  THE  STOMACH.  By 
A.  L Benedict  A.M..  M D 113 

BOOK  REVIEWS. 

Pathological  Technique.  By  Mallory  and  Wright no 

’A  System  of  Medicine  by  Many  Writers.  Edited  by  Thomas  Clifford  Allbutt 119 

Manual  of  Gynecology  By  Henry  T.  Byford.  M.D 120 

Stirpiculturb.  By  M.  L.  Holbrook.  M D 121 

Essentials  of  Bacteriology.  By  M.  V.  Ball 122 

The  Bulletin  of  the  Ohio  Hospital  for  Epileptics.  Published  by  the  Hospital,  Gallipolis,  Ohio 12a 


PROORESS  OF  MEDICAL  SCIENCE. 


MEDICINE. 

Lumbar  Puncture 

] Dextrocardia 

I Cardiac  Failure  


Acquired  1 
A Sign  of  ( 


NEUROLOGY  AND  PSYCHIATRY. 

Electricity  In  gout 1 

Cerebral  Abscess  and  Visual  Aphasia 1 

Diagnostic  and  Therapeutic  Vaiue  of  Lumbar  Pune* 


Triceps  Contraction  and  Radial  Paralysis 132 


PATHOLOGY  AND  BACTERIOLOGY . 

The  Microbe  ?nd  Pathology  of  Yellow  Fever 

Burns  and  Visceral  Pathologic  Alterations 

Tuberculous  Infection  through  Ingestion  of  the 
Bacilli i 

THERAPEUTICS. 

Hot  and  Cold  Applications  to  the  Spine  in  Pulmo- 
nary Affections : 

Treatment  of  Pneumonia 


LARYNGOLOGY  AND  OTOLOGY. 

Diseases  of  the  Mastoid*.  Their  Course  and  Treat* 

ment..  Y 

Frontal  Headache  and  Sinus  Disease  

DERMATOLOGY  AND  SYPHILOLOOY. 


OPHTHALflOLOOY. 


(Solanum  Carolinense) 

Urotropin  as  an  Antiseptic  for  the  Urinary  Channels 

Treatment  of  Obesity  

Physiological  Action  of  Glaucinum 


OYNECOLOOY  AND  OBSTETRICS. 

Mackenrodt’s  Operations 148 

PEDIATRICS. 

Congenital  Rectal  Malformations i$i 

Present  Status  of  Infant  Feeding 102 

Congenital  Stenosis  of  the  Larynx 153 

* ' Fatal  Infantile  Anemia  with  Greatly  En- 


t Terrors  of  Children 154 


GENITO-URINARY  DISEASES. 

Treatment  of  Urinary  Fever i 

CLIMATOLOOY  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH. 
Report  on  Physical  Training  in  the  Boston  Public 

Schools.  1 

Typhoid  from  Contaminated  Milk 1 

Glycerinated  Vaccine  Lymph 1 

Gymnasiums  in  the  Public  Parks  .: ...  1 

Mortality  from  Typhoid, Scarlet  Fever.and  Phthisis  1 

FORENSIC  MEDICINE. 

The  Function  of  the  Expert 1 

Post-mortem  Findings  in  Bodies  Found  Drowned..  1 

Compensation  for  Expert  Testimony  1 

Medical  Expert  Testimony:  A Proposed  Act  in  New 

York H 1 

A Legal  Alternative .7 1 


COPYRIGHT  1898. 

WILLIAM  M.  WARREN,  Publisher, 

DETROIT,  MICH. 


Entered  at  the  Post-office  at  Detroit.  Mich.,  as  second-class. matter. 


